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8th Grade Social Studies  Final Exam

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
The earliest Native Americans crossed a land bridge called
a.
the Bering Strait.
c.
Alaska.
b.
Atlantis.
d.
Beringia.
 

 2. 
What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?
a.
Tikal
c.
Tenochtitlán
b.
Cuzco
d.
Chichén Itzá
 

 3. 
The Maya and the Aztec organized their societies around
a.
the military.
c.
commerce.
b.
religion.
d.
women.
 

 4. 
Which was the largest of the early American civilizations?
a.
Olmec
c.
Aztec
b.
Maya
d.
Inca
 

 5. 
In the 1500s what changed the ways of life for Native Americans forever?
a.
climate changes
c.
lack of food
b.
wars between nations
d.
arrival of the Europeans
 
 
“The Spaniards arrived . . . near the entrance to Tenochtitlán. . . .
“Motecuhzoma [leader of the Aztec, also known as Montezuma] now arrayed himself in his finery, . . . The other great princes also adorned their persons, . . . They all went out together to meet the strangers.
“They brought trays heaped with the finest flowers—the flower that resembles a shield; the flower shaped like a heart; in the center, the flower with the sweetest aroma; . . . They also brought garlands of flowers, and ornaments for the breast, and necklaces of gold, necklaces hung with rich stones, . . .”
 

 6. 
mc006-1.jpg According to this Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico, how did the Aztec greet the first Europeans to arrive in Tenochtitlán?
a.
They plotted with their allies to ambush the Spaniards.
b.
They honored the Spaniards with flowers and necklaces.
c.
They staged a big dance festival with the Spaniards.
d.
They surprised the Spaniards by imprisoning them.
 

 7. 
The historical period of intellectual and artistic creativity is known as the
a.
Age of Enlightenment.
c.
Middle Ages.
b.
Age of Reason.
d.
Renaissance.
 

 8. 
Which Portuguese prince laid the groundwork for a new era of exploration?
a.
Bartholomeu Dias
c.
John II
b.
Henry the Navigator
d.
Vasco da Gama
 

 9. 
In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to America with the Nina, Pinta, and
a.
Cortéz.
c.
Santa María.
b.
Isabella.
d.
Tordesillas.
 

 10. 
Who was the first Spaniard to land on the mainland of North America?
a.
Juan Ponce de León
c.
Christopher Columbus
b.
Hernán Cortés
d.
Francisco Pizarro
 

 11. 
The explorer who first sailed around the southern tip of Africa was
a.
Robert de La Salle.
c.
Vasco da Gama.
b.
Ferdinand Magellan.
d.
Bartholomeu Dias.
 

 12. 
Who publicly condemned the cruel treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish?
a.
Martin Luther
c.
Juana Inés de la Cruz
b.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
d.
John Calvin
 

 13. 
England, France, and the Netherlands hoped to discover a
a.
route to Africa.
c.
southwest passage to India.
b.
route to South America.
d.
northwest passage to Asia.
 

 14. 
Which explorer's crew founded Quebec?
a.
de Champlain
c.
Cartier
b.
Cabot
d.
Joliet
 

 15. 
What did the French want to establish in the Americas?
a.
gold and silver mines
c.
a fishing and fur trade
b.
new communities
d.
a slave trade
 

 16. 
Which invention helped Marco Polo's Travels gain wider circulation?
a.
printing press
c.
astrolabe
b.
computer
d.
compass
 

 17. 
From their trading posts in Africa, the Portuguese traded for
a.
turquoise.
c.
gold and slaves.
b.
tea.
d.
salt.
 

 18. 
Under King Mansa Musa, which city became an important center of Islamic art and learning?
a.
Ghana
c.
Algiers
b.
Timbuktu
d.
Morocco
 

 19. 
Which explorer discovered the long-awaited eastern sea route to Asia?
a.
Bartholomeu Dias
c.
Vasco da Gama
b.
Christopher Columbus
d.
Leif Eriksson
 

 20. 
The right granted by the Spanish government to the conquistadors that turned Native Americans into slaves was called
a.
encomienda.
c.
Tordesillas.
b.
taxation.
d.
presidio.
 

 21. 
Who believed that faith rather than good deeds was the way to heaven?
a.
Martin Luther
c.
Bartolomé de las Casas
b.
Martin Buber
d.
King Henry VIII
 

 22. 
Whose voyage was used by England as the basis for its claims to North America?
a.
Christopher Columbus
c.
John Cabot
b.
Robert de La Salle
d.
Henry Hudson
 

 23. 
Which explorer's crew was the first to sail around the world?
a.
Bartholomeu Dias's
c.
Christopher Columbus's
b.
Juan Cabrillo's
d.
Ferdinand Magellan's
 
 
“. . . [The Spaniards] asked Motecuhzoma [also known as Montezuma] about the city's resources and reserves and about the warriors' ensigns and shields. They questioned him closely and then demanded gold.
“Motecuhzoma guided them to it. They surrounded him and crowded close with their weapons. He walked in the center, while they formed a circle around him. . . .
“When they arrived at the treasure house called Teucalco, the riches of gold and feathers were brought out to them . . . .
“The Spaniards immediately stripped the feathers from the gold shields and ensigns. They gathered all the gold into a great mound and set fire to everything else, . . . Then they melted down the gold into ingots. . . . The Spaniards searched through the whole treasure house, questioning and quarreling, and seized every object they thought was beautiful.”
 

 24. 
mc024-1.jpg This excerpt from the Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico describes the conquering Spaniards’ great desire to _____.
a.
return to Spain after their conquests
c.
acquire large amounts of gold
b.
obtain Montezuma’s advice and help
d.
gain knowledge of a new culture
 

 25. 
mc025-1.jpg
mc025-2.jpgWhat direction is Sennar from Niani?
a.
east
c.
north
b.
west
d.
south
 

 26. 
mc026-1.jpg
mc026-2.jpg According to the map, which of the items listed below did not travel in both directions in the Columbian Exchange?
a.
disease
c.
foodstuffs
b.
enslaved people
d.
none of the above
 

 27. 
The island of Española, or Hispaniola, is today called _____.
a.
Cuba
c.
Jamaica
b.
Haiti and the Dominican Republic
d.
Yucatan and Cozumel
 

 28. 
The Jamestown settlers saved their colony by planting
a.
maize.
c.
tobacco.
b.
cotton.
d.
wheat.
 

 29. 
What did King James I grant to groups of merchants to organize settlements in an area in America?
a.
stocks
c.
pledges
b.
compacts
d.
charters
 

 30. 
Protestants who wanted to leave and found their own churches were called
a.
Protestant reformers.
c.
Separatists.
b.
Anglicans.
d.
Puritans.
 

 31. 
Puritans formed the New England Company and received a royal charter to establish the
a.
Plymouth Colony.
c.
Massachusetts Bay Company.
b.
Mayflower Colony.
d.
Rhode Island Colony.
 

 32. 
People who refuse to use force or fight in wars are called
a.
pacifists.
c.
reformers.
b.
pilgrims.
d.
patroons.
 

 33. 
Which colony was created so debtors and poor people could start over?
a.
Delaware
c.
Georgia
b.
Carolina
d.
Maryland
 

 34. 
Religious settlements established in California by the Spanish were called
a.
churches.
c.
estates.
b.
missions.
d.
retreats.
 

 35. 
Because their journey had a religious purpose, the Separatists called themselves
a.
Pilgrims.
c.
Puritans.
b.
new colonists.
d.
strangers.
 

 36. 
The movement that drove 15,000 Puritans to Massachusetts was called the
a.
Great Migration.
c.
Virginia Compact.
b.
Puritan Movement.
d.
Mayflower Compact.
 

 37. 
Which group maintained the friendliest relations with the Native Americans?
a.
the Spanish
c.
the English
b.
the Dutch
d.
the French
 

 38. 
Workers who paid their French lords an annual rent were known as
a.
seigneurs.
c.
tenant farmers.
b.
sharecroppers.
d.
seigneuries.
 

 39. 
The type of farming practiced in New England was
a.
subsistence.
c.
cash crop.
b.
Tidewater.
d.
backwater.
 

 40. 
The most profitable cash crop in South Carolina and Georgia was
a.
corn.
c.
rice.
b.
lumber.
d.
tobacco.
 

 41. 
How did England view its North American colonies?
a.
as an economic drain
c.
as an economic resource
b.
as a land of savages
d.
as a place to put criminals
 

 42. 
The religious revival that swept through the colonies was called the
a.
Enlightenment.
c.
Great Awakening.
b.
Great Migration.
d.
Catholic Revolution.
 

 43. 
The hub of the shipping trade in North America was in
a.
the Ohio River valley.
c.
North Carolina.
b.
New England.
d.
South Carolina.
 

 44. 
Labor for the Southern rice fields was provided by
a.
enslaved Africans.
c.
children.
b.
paid workers.
d.
tenants.
 

 45. 
What theory holds that a nation's power depended on expanding its trade?
a.
mercantilism
c.
gold reserve
b.
trade
d.
expansion
 

 46. 
The Treaty of Paris marked the end of power in North America for
a.
Britain.
c.
France.
b.
Canada.
d.
Spain.
 

 47. 
The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from moving west of the
a.
Louisiana Territory.
c.
Appalachian Mountains.
b.
Ohio River valley.
d.
Great Lakes.
 

 48. 
The British government tried to stop smuggling with the
a.
Stamp Act.
c.
Sugar Act.
b.
Molasses Act.
d.
Trade Act.
 

 49. 
What act taxed almost all printed material in the colonies?
a.
Sugar Act
c.
Iron Act
b.
Stamp Act
d.
Hat Act
 

 50. 
Who led the Green Mountain Boys?
a.
Ethan Allen
c.
Ben Franklin
b.
Sam Adams
d.
Paul Revere
 

 51. 
The man who wrote the Declaration of Independence was
a.
Thomas Jefferson.
c.
Benjamin Franklin.
b.
Patrick Henry.
d.
John Adams.
 

 52. 
Who ran the first post office established by the Second Continental Congress?
a.
John Adams
c.
Thomas Jefferson
b.
Benjamin Franklin
d.
George Washington
 

 53. 
To search a colonist's house, a British customs officer presented
a.
a search warrant.
c.
a letter from the king.
b.
a writ of assistance.
d.
an arrest warrant.
 

 54. 
Which act gave the British Parliament the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"?
a.
Sugar Act
c.
Stamp Act
b.
Townshend Acts
d.
Declaratory Act
 

 55. 
Which colonists did not consider unfair taxes a good reason for rebellion?
a.
Separatists
c.
Patriots
b.
Nationalists
d.
Loyalists
 

 56. 
Which colonists wanted to fight the British for American independence?
a.
Loyalists
c.
Separatists
b.
Patriots
d.
Nationalists
 

Matching
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Hernán Cortés
d.
strait
b.
mestizos
e.
caravel
c.
Mansa Musa
 

 57. 

 three-masted ship
 

 58. 

 Mali's greatest king
 

 59. 

 narrow, twisting passage to an ocean
 

 60. 

 conquered the Aztec Empire
 

 61. 

 people with Spanish and Native American parents
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Askiya Muhammad
d.
Gold Coast
b.
Montezuma
e.
New York City
c.
Leif Eriksson
 

 62. 

 West African coast
 

 63. 

 Viking sailor
 

 64. 

 Aztec emperor
 

 65. 

 leader of the Songhai
 

 66. 

 once named New Amsterdam
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Mayflower
d.
Metacomet
b.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
e.
Squanto
c.
Roanoke
 

 67. 

 colony that disappeared
 

 68. 

 Pilgrim's ship
 

 69. 

 first written constitution in America
 

 70. 

 showed Pilgrims how to grow corn
 

 71. 

 also known as King Philip
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Abigail Adams
d.
William Prescott
b.
William Howe
e.
introduction
c.
Stamp Act
 

 72. 

 taxed printed material
 

 73. 

 advocate of women's rights
 

 74. 

 Patriot leader
 

 75. 

 redcoat leader
 

 76. 

 preamble
 

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
 

 77. 
Centers for the growing East-West trade of spices, perfumes, and silks included Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
 

 78. 
During the Renaissance, rulers discouraged exploration outside of Europe.
 

 79. 
Information from explorers assisted mapmakers in creating more accurate land and sea maps.
 

 80. 
Vasco de Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were early European explorers who sailed around Africa.
 

 81. 
Columbus made four voyages to the Americas claiming land for Portugal as far south as northern South America.
 

 82. 
Spain and Portugal agreed to divide ownership of the entire unexplored world.
 

 83. 
Pizarro was able to conquer the Inca following the death of the Inca ruler Atahualpa.
 

 84. 
The Seven Cities of Cibola were finally discovered by Juan Ponce de León.
 

 85. 
The taxing of Native Americans by the Spanish led to improved living conditions for the Native Americans.
 

 86. 
Mercantilism led to economic competition among the countries of Europe.
 

 87. 
Henry Hudson sailed west from northern England on his voyage to North America.
 

 88. 
French fur traders established trading posts in Quebec and other parts of Canada.
 

 89. 
New England farms were larger than those in the Middle Colonies.
 

 90. 
New York and Pennsylvania farmers grew cash crops.
 

 91. 
Most of the German immigrants who came to America during the colonial period settled in what is now New York.
 

 92. 
South Carolina and Georgia had the fastest growing economies in the colonies because of their large tobacco plantations.
 

 93. 
In the Southern Colonies, backcountry settlers had small farms.
 

 94. 
To make money from trade, England needed to export more goods than it imported.
 

 95. 
Unmarried women in the colonies could not run businesses and own property.
 

 96. 
The first public education law was passed in Pennsylvania.
 

 97. 
The French and Indian War was between France and Native Americans.
 

 98. 
Use of enslaved workers increased in colonies where hard labor was required on large farms.
 

 99. 
The Navigation Acts angered the colonists because they restricted trade.
 

 100. 
All free men could vote for colonial legislators.
 



 
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